Solution Manual For Fundamentals of Chemistry for Today General Organic and Biochemistry 1st Edition Spencer Seager

Solution Manual For Fundamentals of Chemistry for Today General Organic and Biochemistry 1st Edition Spencer Seager

This book helps you learn chemistry better! The Solution Manual for Fundamentals of Chemistry for Today gives you easy answers to the questions in your chemistry book. It helps you understand how to solve problems step by step.

If you’re learning about chemistry, this guide shows you how to work through problems in a simple way. It’s great for learning about things like chemistry, how things are made, and how they work!

Table Of Content 

• Acknowledgments
• 1. Matter, Measurements, and Calculations
  • 1.1. What Is Matter?
  • 1.2. Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
  • 1.3. Classifying Matter
  • 1.4. Measurement Units
  • 1.5. The Metric System
    • 1.5A. Length, Area, and Volume
    • 1.5B. Mass
    • 1.5C. Temperature
    • 1.5D. Energy
  • 1.6. Large and Small Numbers: An Introduction to Scientific Notation
  • 1.7. Significant Figures
  • 1.8. Using Units in Calculations: An Introduction to Dimensional Analysis
  • 1.9. Calculating Percentages
  • 1.10. Density and Its Applications
  • Concept Summary
  • Key Terms and Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Exercises
• 2. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
  • 2.1. The Periodic Table
  • 2.2. Subatomic Particles
  • 2.3. Atomic Symbols
  • 2.4. Isotopes and Atomic Weights
  • 2.5. Radioactive Nuclei
    • 2.5A. Equations for Nuclear Reactions
    • 2.5B. Isotope Half-Life and Units for Radiation
    • 2.5C. The Health Effects and Medical Uses of Radioisotopes
  • 2.6. Where Are the Electrons?
  • 2.7. Trends within the Periodic Table
    • 2.7A. Atomic Radii
    • 2.7B. Ionization Energy
    • 2.7C. Electronegativity
  • Concept Summary
  • Key Terms and Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Exercises
• 3. Chemical Bonds: Molecule Formation
  • 3.1. An Introduction to Lewis Structures
  • 3.2. The Formation of Ions
  • 3.3. Ionic Compounds
  • 3.4. Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
  • 3.5. Covalent Bonding
  • 3.6. Naming Binary Covalent Compounds
  • 3.7. Lewis Structures of Polyatomic Ions
  • 3.8. Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
  • Concept Summary
  • Key Terms and Concepts
  • Key Equation
  • Exercises
• 4. The Mole and Chemical Reactions
  • 4.1. Avogadro’s Number: The Mole
  • 4.2. The Mole and Chemical Formulas
  • 4.3. Chemical Equations
  • 4.4. The Mole and Chemical Equations
  • 4.5. Reaction Yields
  • 4.6. Types of Reactions
    • 4.6A. Redox Reactions
    • 4.6B. Decomposition Reactions
    • 4.6C. Combination Reactions
    • 4.6D. Replacement Reactions
    • 4.6E. Combustion Reactions
  • Concept Summary
  • Key Terms and Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Exercises
• 5. Heating and Changes of State: A Story of Polarity and Intermolecular Forces
  • 5.1. Geometries of Molecules and Polyatomic Ions
  • 5.2. The Polarity of Covalent Molecules
  • 5.3. Intermolecular Forces
  • 5.4. Energy and Properties of Matter
    • 5.4A. Solids
    • 5.4B. Liquids
    • 5.4C. Gases
  • 5.5. Changes of State
    • 5.5A. Vapor Pressure, Evaporation, and Condensation
    • 5.5B. Boiling, Melting, and Sublimation
  • 5.6. Energetics: Changes of State vs. Specific Heat
  • Concept Summary
  • Key Terms and Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Exercises
• 6. Gases and Solutions
  • 6.1. Properties of Gases
  • 6.2. Pressure, Temperature, and Volume Relationships
  • 6.3. The Ideal Gas Law
  • 6.4. Dalton’s Law
  • 6.5. Solutions and Solubility
  • 6.6. Electrolytes and Net Ionic Equations
  • 6.7. Solution Concentrations
  • 6.8. Solution Preparation
  • 6.9. Osmosis and Dialysis
  • Concept Summary
  • Key Terms and Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Exercises
• 7. Chemical Equilibrium: Acids, Bases, and Buffers
  • 7.1. Principles of Chemical Reactions
    • 7.1A. Kinetics and Thermodynamics
    • 7.1B. Reaction Rates
  • 7.2. Equilibrium
  • 7.3. Acid–Base Equilibria
    • 7.3A. Defining Acids and Bases
    • 7.3B. Naming Acids
  • 7.4. The pH Concept
  • 7.5. The Strengths of Acids and Bases
  • 7.6. Acid–Base Titrations
  • 7.7. Maintaining pH: The Balancing Act
    • 7.7A. Biological Buffers
    • 7.7B. Respiratory and Urinary Control of Blood pH
  • Concept Summary
  • Key Terms and Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Exercises
  • Additional Exercise
• 8. Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons
  • 8.1. Organic Chemistry: The Story of Carbon
  • 8.2. Representations of Organic Molecules
  • 8.3. Functional Groups
  • 8.4. Isomers and Conformations
    • 8.4A. Isomers
    • 8.4B. Conformations of Alkanes
  • 8.5. Classification and Naming of Alkanes
  • 8.6. Cycloalkanes
  • 8.7. Alkenes and Alkynes
    • 8.7A. Alkenes
    • 8.7B. Alkynes
  • 8.8. Reactions of Hydrocarbons
    • 8.8A. Alkene Addition
    • 8.8B. Polymer Formation
  • 8.9. Physical and Chemical Properties of Hydrocarbons
  • 8.10. Aromatic Compounds and Benzene
    • 8.10A. The Structure of Benzene
    • 8.10B. Naming Aromatic Compounds
    • 8.10C. Properties and Applications of Aromatic Compounds
  • Concept Summary
  • Key Terms and Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Exercises
• 9. Alcohols, Ethers, and Amines
  • 9.1. Nomenclature and Classification of Alcohols
  • 9.2. Physical Properties of Alcohols
  • 9.3. Reactions of Alcohols
    • 9.3A. Acid–Base Chemistry of Alcohols
    • 9.3B. Dehydration of Alcohols
    • 9.3C. Oxidation of Alcohols
  • 9.4. Applications of Alcohols
  • 9.5. Ethers
  • 9.6. The Nomenclature and Classification of Amines
  • 9.7. Properties of Amines
    • 9.7A. The Acid–Base Chemistry of Amines
    • 9.7B. Physical Properties of Amines
  • 9.8. Biologically Significant Amines
    • 9.8A. Amines as Neurotransmitters
    • 9.8B. Amphetamines
    • 9.8C. Alkaloids
  • Concept Summary
  • Key Terms and Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Exercises
• 10. Carbonyl and Carboxyl Compounds
  • 10.1. The Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
  • 10.2. Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
  • 10.3. Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
    • 10.3A. Hydrogenation
    • 10.3B. Oxidation
    • 10.3C. Reduction
  • 10.4. The Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylate Salts
  • 10.5. Properties of Carboxylic Acids
    • 10.5A. Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
    • 10.5B. Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
  • 10.6. The Nomenclature of Esters and Amides
  • 10.7. Properties of Esters and Amides
  • 10.8. Formation and Reactions of Esters and Amides
    • 10.8A. Formation of Esters and Amides
    • 10.8B. Ester and Amide Hydrolysis
    • 10.8C. Saponification
  • Concept Summary
  • Key Terms and Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Exercises
• 11. Carbohydrates
  • 11.1. Carbohydrate Structure and Function
  • 11.2. Carbohydrate Stereochemistry
  • 11.3. Fischer Projections, Cyclization, and Haworth Projections
    • 11.3A. Fischer Projections
    • 11.3B. Acetal Formation and Haworth Projections
  • 11.4. Classification of Monosaccharides
  • 11.5. Important Monosaccharides
  • 11.6. Properties of Monosaccharides
    • 11.6A. Physical Properties
    • 11.6B. Oxidation
    • 11.6C. Phosphate Esters
    • 11.6D. Glycoside Formation
  • 11.7. Disaccharides
    • 11.7A. Maltose
    • 11.7B. Lactose
    • 11.7C. Sucrose
  • 11.8. Polysaccharides
    • 11.8A. Starch
    • 11.8B. Glycogen
    • 11.8C. Cellulose
  • Concept Summary
  • Key Terms and Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Exercises
• 12. Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes
  • 12.1. Amino Acid Structure and Classification
    • 12.1A. Structure and Stereochemistry
    • 12.1B. Classification of Amino Acids: The Side Chains
  • 12.2. Reactions of Amino Acids
    • 12.2A. Acid–Base Chemistry of Amino Acids: Zwitterion Formation
    • 12.2B. Peptide Formation
    • 12.2C. The Oxidation of Cysteine
  • 12.3. Protein Structure
    • 12.3A. The Primary Structure of Proteins
    • 12.3B. The Secondary Structure of Proteins
    • 12.3C. The Tertiary Structure of Proteins
    • 12.3D. The Quaternary Structure of Proteins
  • 12.4. Protein Functions
  • 12.5. Classes of Enzymes
  • 12.6. Enzyme Activity
    • 12.6A. Catalytic Efficiency
    • 12.6B. The Mechanism of Enzyme Action
  • 12.7. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
    • 12.7A. Enzyme Concentration
    • 12.7B. Substrate Concentration
    • 12.7C. Temperature
    • 12.7D. pH
  • 12.8. Enzyme Inhibition and Regulation
    • 12.8A. Irreversible Inhibition
    • 12.8B. Reversible Inhibition
  • 12.9. Enzymes in Medical Applications and Disease
  • Concept Summary
  • Key Terms and Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Exercises
• 13. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
  • 13.1. The Flow of Genetic Information
  • 13.2. The Components of Nucleic Acids
  • 13.3. The Structure of DNA
    • 13.3A. The Primary Structure of DNA
    • 13.3B. The DNA Double Helix
  • 13.4. DNA Replication
  • 13.5. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
  • 13.6. Transcription: RNA Synthesis from DNA
  • 13.7. The Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis
    • 13.7A. Discovery and Characteristics of Codons
    • 13.7B. Translation Process
    • 13.7C. The Downstream Effects of Mutations
  • 13.8. Viruses
    • 13.8A. RNA Viruses
    • 13.8B. DNA Viruses
    • 13.8C. Vaccines
  • 13.9. Recombinant DNA
    • 13.9A. Molecular Cloning
    • 13.9B. CRISPR
  • Concept Summary
  • Key Terms and Concepts
  • Key Equation
  • Exercises
• 14. Lipids
  • 14.1. The Classification of Lipids
  • 14.2. Fatty Acids
  • 14.3. The Structure of Fats and Oils
  • 14.4. Chemical Properties and Reactions of Fats and Oils
    • 14.4A. Hydrolysis
    • 14.4B. Saponification
    • 14.4C. Hydrogenation
  • 14.5. Waxes
  • 14.6. Phosphoglycerides
  • 14.7. Sphingolipids
  • 14.8. Biological Membranes
    • 14.8A. Cell Structure
    • 14.8B. Membrane Structures: Lipid Bilayers
    • 14.8C. The Role of Lipids in Drug Delivery
  • 14.9. Steroids and Hormones
    • 14.9A. Cholesterol
    • 14.9B. Bile Salts
    • 14.9C. Adrenocorticoid Hormones
    • 14.9D. Sex Hormones
    • 14.9E. Prostaglandins
  • Concept Summary
  • Key Terms and Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Exercises
• 15. Nutrition and Metabolism
  • 15.1. The Basics of Nutrition
    • 15.1A. The Macronutrients: Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins
    • 15.1B. The Micronutrients: Vitamins and Minerals
  • 15.2. An Overview of Metabolism
    • 15.2A. Catabolism versus Anabolism
    • 15.2B. The Catabolism of Food
  • 15.3. ATP: The Energy Currency of Cells
    • 15.3A. The Structure and Hydrolysis of ATP
    • 15.3B. Mitochondria: The Powerhouse of the Cell
  • 15.4. Carbohydrate Metabolism and Blood Glucose
  • 15.5. An Overview of Cellular Respiration
    • 15.5A. Glycolysis
    • 15.5B. Pyruvate Oxidation
    • 15.5C. The Citric Acid Cycle
    • 15.5D. Oxidative Phosphorylation: The Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis
    • 15.5E. ATP Produced from Glucose Oxidation
  • 15.6. Glycogen Metabolism and Gluconeogenesis
    • 15.6A. Glycogen Synthesis
    • 15.6B. Glycogen Breakdown
    • 15.6C. Gluconeogenesis
    • 15.6D. Hormone Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism
  • 15.7. Lipid Metabolism and Biosynthesis
    • 15.7A. Breakdown of Glycerol and Fatty Acids
    • 15.7B. Ketone Bodies as an Indicator of Malnutrition
    • 15.7C. Fatty Acid Synthesis
  • 15.8. Amino Acid Metabolism and Biosynthesis
    • 15.8A. Amino Acid Catabolism: The Fate of the Nitrogen Atoms
    • 15.8B. Amino Acid Catabolism: The Fate of the Carbon Skeleton
    • 15.8C. Amino Acid Biosynthesis
  • Concept Summary
  • Key Terms and Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Exercises
• Appendix A. The International System of Units
• Appendix B. Answers to Even-Numbered End-of-Chapter Exercises
• Appendix C. Solutions to Learning Checks